Characteristics of conscience legislation that protect health-care providers are described. Conscience clauses are a means of defending medical practitioners from these trends. Physicians and other health-care personnel are under institutional and governmental pressure to succumb to anti-Hippocratic ethics. The consequences of abandoning the Hippocratic tradition are illustrated by the eugenics movement, the Nazi Holocaust, the Tuskegee experiments, and contemporary bioethics theories. The foundational principles of Western medical ethics, as characterized by the Hippocratic Oath, have been weakened or even rejected. These procedures go beyond saving lives, healing disease, and alleviating pain, the traditional purposes of medicine. Health-care providers have been challenged by changes in medical practice to include abortion, euthanasia, and controversial fertility technologies.
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